Black - Indian History Information - Freedmen (by tribe)

Back to Black - Indian History Information homepage

Cherokee Freedmen

Gammon, Tim. "Black Freedmen and the Cherokee Nation." Journal of American Studies 11 (December 1977): 357-364. This is a very general study.

"The Black Freedmen of the Cherokee Nation." Negro History Bulletin 40 (July-August 1977): 733-735. This is a very general study.

Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr. The Cherokee Freedmen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. This work traces the history of the Cherokee Freedmen from emancipation to Oklahoma statehood.

May, Kaja. African Americans and Native Americans in the Creek and Cherokee Nations, 1830's to 1920's: Collusion and Collision. New York: Garland, 1996.

Chickasaw Freedmen

Littlefield, Daniel F., Jr. The Chickasaw Freedmen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. This work traces the history of the Chickasaw Freedmen from emancipation to Oklahoma statehood.

Choctaw Freedmen

Flickinger, Robert Elliott. The Choctaw Freedmen and the Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy. Fonda, IA: Journal and Times Press, 1914. Though a history of religion and education, this work is extremely valuable for the number of photographs of Choctaw Freedman it contains.

*[No detailed history of the Choctaw Freedmen has been written.]

Creek Freedmen

Debo, Angie. The Road to Disappearance. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967. This history of the Creeks, while not emphasizing the history of the Creek Freedmen, contains much information about the role of blacks, particularly in Creek politics.

May, Kaja. African Americans and Native Americans in the Creek and Cherokee Nations, 1830s to 1920's: Collusion and Collision. New York: Garland, 1996.

*[No detailed history of the Creek Freedmen has been written.]

Seminole Freedmen

Bateman, Rebecca Belle. "'We're Still Here'": History, Kinship, and Group Identity among the Seminole Freedmen of Oklahoma." Ph. D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1991.

Micco, Melinda. "The Seminole Freedmen and the Forging of the Seminole Nation." Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 1995.

Opala, Joseph. A Brief History of the Seminole Freedmen. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center Papers: Series 2, Number 3. Austin: University of Texas, 1980. The title indicates the depth of this work, but it brings the Seminole Freedman history down to recent decades.